Since the 1920s, literature has been mainly composed in the national language script (Vietnamese alphabet) with profound renovations in form and category such as novels, new-style poems, short stories and dramas, and with diversity in artistic tendency. Up until the 21st century, there had been two components existing at the same time: works written in Literary Chinese (with poems and prose demonstrating Vietnamese history and realities thus, they are regarded as Vietnamese literature) and works written in Nôm script (mostly poems). Literature using Nôm script began roughly in the 10th century. Historically Vietnamese literature was initially written in chữ Hán and then chữ Nôm. It remains today as the oldest attested epigraph of any Southeast Asian language, predating Mon, Khmer, Malay by centuries. Following Võ Cạnh is the Old Cham Đông Yên Châu inscription near Trà Kiệu, dating from late 4th century, was erected by King Bhadravarman I of Champa, and was written in Old Southern Brahmic script. The first surviving literature in Vietnam is the Sanskrit Võ Cạnh inscription (4th century AD) near Nha Trang, which belongs to either Funan or Chamic culture. They, however, only had been materialized in form of fragments, short sentences engraved on bricks and coins. The first evidence of writing in Vietnam appeared after the Han conquest of Nanyue (111 BC) with the introducing of Old Chinese and Classical Chinese in modern-day North and Central Vietnam. It also has six tones: " á", " à", " ả", " ã" and " ạ", the five tones used for vowels along with flat tone " a".ġ9th-century manuscript of "Mysterious tales of the Southern Realm" ( Vietnamese: Lĩnh Nam chích quái), a copy of 15th-century original tale. The Vietnamese Latin alphabet uses the horn for the letters " ơ" and " ư" the circumflex for the letters " â", " ê", and " ô" the breve for the letter " ă" and a bar through the letter " đ". For example, input 'a' generates 'a', but input 'aa' generates â. The current Vietnamese alphabet uses diacritics (glyph added to a letter) to represent tones in Vietnamese writing. The writing of Vietnamese started with Vietnamese script ( chữ Nôm) in the 13th century which used Chinese script as a basis, to the current Latin iteration ( chữ Quốc Ngữ). The Vietnamese language is an Austroasiatic language with monosyllabic and tonal features, sharing similarities with some Northern Austroasiatic languages, such as Bolyu. The Vietnamese language contains a large body of Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary. They belong to five different major linguistic families: Austronesian, Austroasiatic, Hmong–Mien, Sino–Tibetan, and Kra–Dai. Although Vietnamese is set as the official language of Vietnam, there are currently more than 100 speaking languages in the country. Vietnam is one of the most linguistic diverse countries in Southeast Asia. Some elements considered to be characteristic of Vietnamese culture include ancestor veneration, respect for community and family, and living in harmony with nature. During the French colonial period, Catholicism, and a Latin script romanizing the Vietnamese language, the Vietnamese alphabet (Vietnamese: chữ Quốc Ngữ, lit.'National Language Script'), were introduced in Vietnam. įollowing independence from China in the 10th century, Vietnam began a southward expansion and annexed territories formerly belonging to Champa and Khmer, resulting in various influences on the Vietnamese. Between the 15th and 19th centuries, popular literature and folk songs were written in the Vietnamese language using a Vietnamese script ( chữ Nôm) derived from Chinese characters ( chữ Hán). During this period and until the 19th century, Classical Chinese ( Hán văn) was the language used for formal writing. Vietnamese culture was heavily influenced by Chinese culture due to the " 1000 years of Northern Rule". Vietnam is part of the Sinosphere due to the influence of Chinese culture on Vietnamese culture, as well as part of Southeast Asia.Īncient Vietnamese cultural artifacts, such as Dong Son drums were found spread throughout Southeast Asia and South China, suggesting a spread of ancient Viet ( Yue) culture all the way south to Indonesia. The culture of Vietnam ( Vietnamese: Văn hoá Việt Nam, chữ Hán: 文化越南) are the customs and traditions of the Kinh people and the other ethnic groups of Vietnam. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of chữ Nôm, chữ Hán and chữ Quốc ngữ.
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